Digital or vector modulation can provide increased spectral efficiency, higher data security, and higher quality communications. This comes at a cost of increased system complexity and a resultant ...

Last month, we clarified the definition of a vector and showed you how vectors are added, subtracted, multiplied, and divided. This month, we'll see how to use vectors in defining a complex circuit ...

THIS “Introduction to Vector-methods and their Various Applications to Physics and Mathematics” is an exposition of the late Willard Gibbs' vector analysis. The author in his preface warns us that “no ...