Humans and other primates learn cause-and-effect relationships in their environments by predicting the likelihood of an event, such as a reward. Importantly, we can learn this through direct ...

New research discovers a lateral habenula cell group acting as a disappointment meter when reality misses expectations.

Summary: A paradigm-shifting study has upended a decades-long neurological assumption that learning speed depends entirely on repetition and experience rather than the size of a reward. The research ...